Additive manufacturing in radiation oncology: a review of clinical practice, emerging trends and research opportunities

Abstract The additive manufacturing (AM) process plays an important role in enabling cross-disciplinary research in engineering and personalised medicine. Commercially available clinical tools currently utilised in radiotherapy are typically based on traditional manufacturing processes, often leading to non-conformal geometries, time-consuming manufacturing process and high costs. An emerging application explores the design and development of patient-specific clinical tools using AM to optimise treatment outcomes among cancer patients receiving radiation therapy. In this review, we:highlight the key advantages of AM in radiotherapy where rapid prototyping allows for patient-specific manufactureexplore common clinical workflows involving radiotherapy tools such as bolus, compensators, anthropomorphic phantoms, immobilisers, and brachytherapy moulds; andinvestigate how current AM processes are exploited by researchers to achieve patient tissue-like imaging and dose attenuations.Finally, significant AM research opportunities in this space are highlighted for their future advancements in radiotherapy for diagnostic and clinical research applications.