Advanced manufacturing techniques and applications of micro-/nanoscale helices

Inspired by the ubiquitous helical structures in nature, research on artificial helices has attracted increasing attention. As a unique and complex three-dimensional (3D) geometry in the microscopic world, the micro-/nano helix has significant advantages in wide applications due to its distinctive properties at the micro-scale. Micro-/nanotechnology is advancing rapidly. The geometric complexity of helical structure poses technical challenges for the manufacturing at the micro-/nanoscale, requiring some emerging manufacturing techniques. In this review, we systematically classify and summarize existing manufacturing methods for micro/nano helical structures and their underlying mechanisms. Based on the unique physical properties of helical structures at the microscale, their latest applications are analyzed across different fields. Finally, we conclude the challenges and future research directions of micro-/nano helices in manufacturing methods and applications.