Additive manufacturing of promising heterostructure for biomedical applications

Cijun Shuai; Desheng Li; Xiong Yao; Xia Li; Chengde Gao

doi:10.1088/2631-7990/acded2

As a new generation of materials/structures, heterostructure is characterized by heterogeneous zones with dramatically different mechanical, physical or chemical properties. This endows heterostructure with unique interfaces, robust architectures, and synergistic effects, making it a promising option as advanced biomaterials for the highly variable anatomy and complex functionalities of individual patients. However, the main challenges of developing heterostructure lie in the control of crystal/phase evolution and the distribution/fraction of components and structures. In recent years, additive manufacturing techniques have attracted increasing attention in developing heterostructure due to the unique flexibility in tailored structures and synthetic multimaterials. This review focuses on the additive manufacturing of heterostructure for biomedical applications. The structural features and functional mechanisms of heterostructure are summarized. The typical material systems of heterostructure, mainly including metals, polymers, ceramics, and their composites, are presented. And the resulting synergistic effects on multiple properties are also systematically discussed in terms of mechanical, biocompatible, biodegradable, antibacterial, biosensitive and magnetostrictive properties. Next, this work outlines the research progress of additive manufacturing employed in developing heterostructure from the aspects of advantages, processes, properties, and applications. This review also highlights the prospective utilization of heterostructure in biomedical fields, with particular attention to bioscaffolds, vasculatures, biosensors and biodetections. Finally, future research directions and breakthroughs of heterostructure are prospected with focus on their more prospective applications in infection prevention and drug delivery.

HTML

Reference (233)

Agarwal R and García A J 2015 Biomaterial strategies for engineering implants for enhanced osseointegration and bone repair Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 94 53-62

Marga F, Jakab K, Khatiwala C, Shepherd B, Dorfman S, Hubbard B, Colbert S and Gabor F 2012 Toward engineering functional organ modules by additive manufacturing Biofabrication 4 022001

Vasconcelos D M, Santos S G, Lamghari M and Barbosa M A 2016 The two faces of metal ions:from implants rejection to tissue repair/regeneration Biomaterials 84 262-75

Sfetsas T, Patsatzis S and Chioti A 2021 A review of 3D printing techniques for bio-carrier fabrication J. Clean. Prod. 318 128469

Ravoor J, Thangavel M and Elsen S R 2021 Comprehensive review on design and manufacturing of bio-scaffolds for bone reconstruction ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 4 8129-58

Ødegaard K S, Torgersen J and Elverum C W 2020 Structural and biomedical properties of common additively manufactured biomaterials:a concise review Metals 10 1677

Ahn S H, Lee J, Park S A and Kim W D 2016 Three-dimensional bio-printing equipment technologies for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 13 663-76

Quinn J, Mcfadden R, Chan C W and Carson L 2020 Titanium for orthopedic applications:an overview of surface modification to improve biocompatibility and prevent bacterial biofilm formation iScience 23 101745

Gu Y F, Sun Y, Shujaat S, Braem A, Politis C and Jacobs R 2022 3D-printed porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds for long bone repair in animal models:a systematic review J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 17 68

Wu S L, Liu X M, Yeung K W K, Liu C S and Yang X J 2014 Biomimetic porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering Mater. Sci. Eng. R 80 1-36

Benders K E M, Weeren P R V, Badylak S F, Saris D B F, Dhert W J A and Malda J 2013 Extracellular matrix scaffolds for cartilage and bone regeneration Trends Biotechnol. 31 169-76

Abbasi N, Hamlet S, Love R M and Nguyen N T 2020 Porous scaffolds for bone regeneration J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Dev. 5 1-9

Hnilova M, Karaca B T, Park J, Jia C, Wilson B R, Sarikaya M and Tamerler C 2012 Fabrication of hierarchical hybrid structures using bio-enabled layer-by-layer self-assembly Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109 1120-30

Vikulova E S et al 2021 MOCVD of noble metal film materials for medical implants:microstructure and biocompatibility of Ir and Au/Ir coatings on TiNi Coatings 11 638

Goodrich J T, Sandler A L and Tepper O 2012 A review of reconstructive materials for use in craniofacial surgery bone fixation materials, bone substitutes, and distractors Child's Nerv. Syst. 28 1577-88

Grigoryan B et al 2019 Multivascular networks and functional intravascular topologies within biocompatible hydrogels Science 364 458-64

Bobbert F S L, Lietaert K, Eftekhari A A, Pouran B, Ahmadi S M, Weinans H and Zadpoor A A 2017 Additively manufactured metallic porous biomaterials based on minimal surfaces:a unique combination of topological, mechanical, and mass transport properties Acta Biomater. 53 572-84

Li Y M, Wei L Q, Lan L Z, Gao Y Y, Zhang Q, Dawit H, Mao J, Guo L, Shen L and Wang L 2022 Conductive biomaterials for cardiac repair:a review Acta Biomater. 139 157-78

Haase K and Rouhi G 2013 Prediction of stress shielding around an orthopedic screw:using stress and strain energy density as mechanical stimuli Comput. Biol. Med. 43 1748-57

Liu Z Q, Meyers M A, Zhang Z F and Ritchie R O 2017 Functional gradients and heterogeneities in biological materials:design principles, functions, and bioinspired applications Prog. Mater. Sci. 88 467-98

Wu X L and Zhu Y T 2017 Heterogeneous materials:a new class of materials with unprecedented mechanical properties Mater. Res. Lett. 5 527-32

He Y H, Mao W, Du M, Peng Z L, Wang H Y, Zheng X F, Wang C, Zhang J C and Hao Y 2021 Vertical polarization-induced doping InN/InGaN heterojunction tunnel FET with hetero T-shaped gate Chin. Phys. B 30 058501

Mondal M, Ghosh M and Pradhan S K 2021 Spectacular photocatalytic activity of mechanosynthesized heterostructured Bi-Fe-O nanocomposites in wastewater treatment containing colored and colorless pollutants J. Mol. Liq. 326 115317

Yuan L L, Guo M X, Yan Y, Feng W J, Liu Z Y and Zhuang L Z 2021 Theoretical design and distribution control of precipitates and solute elements in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with heterostructure Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31 3328-41

Liu C C, Gong T, Zhang J, Zheng X R, Mao J, Liu H, Li Y and Hao Q Y 2020 Engineering Ni2P-NiSe2 heterostructure interface for highly efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution Appl. Catal. B 262 118245

Tan C L, Chew Y, Weng F, Sui S, Ng F L, Liu T and Bi G J 2022 Laser aided additive manufacturing of spatially heterostructured steels Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 172 103817

He J, Chen L, Guo Z H, Zhi H H, Antonov S and Su Y J 2020 A novel 13Cr austenitic stainless steel with excellent mechanical properties and high hydrogen embrittlement resistance via heterostructure and TRIP effects Mater. Sci. Eng. A 793 139835

Yi H Y, Yan F K, Tao N R and Lu K 2015 Comparison of strength-ductility combinations between nanotwinned austenite and martensite-austenite stainless steels Mater. Sci. Eng. A 647 152-6

He Q, Wei W, Wang M S, Guo F J, Zhai Y, Wang Y F and Huang C X 2021 Gradient microstructure design in stainless steel:a strategy for uniting strength-ductility synergy and corrosion resistance Nanomaterials 11 2356

Branco D D C, de Vasconcelos L S, An L C, Zhao K J and Cheng G J 2021 Ultrastrong pure aluminum structure with gradient nanocrystals via selective pulsed laser melting:computation framework and experiments J. Mech. Phys. Solids 151 104391

Prasad K et al 2017 Metallic biomaterials:current challenges and opportunities Materials 10 884

Ostrovidov S et al 2019 3D bioprinting in skeletal muscle tissue engineering Small 15 e1805530

Bae S H, Kum H, Kong W, Kim Y, Choi C, Lee B, Lin P, Park Y and Kim J 2019 Integration of bulk materials with two-dimensional materials for physical coupling and applications Nat. Mater. 18 550-60

Gbadamasi S, Mohiuddin M, Krishnamurthi V, Verma R, Khan M W, Pathak S, Kalantar-Zadeh K and Mahmood N 2021 Interface chemistry of two-dimensional heterostructures-fundamentals to applications Chem. Soc. Rev. 50 4684-729

Wang Y, Zhang D M, Wen C E and Li Y C 2015 Processing and characterization of SrTiO₃-TiO₂ nanoparticlenanotube heterostructures on titanium for biomedical applications ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 16018-26

Kargozar S, Baino F, Hamzehlou S, Hill R G and Mozafari M 2018 Bioactive glasses:sprouting angiogenesis in tissue engineering Trends Biotechnol. 36 430-44

Tang D, Tare R S, Yang L Y, Williams D F, Ou K L and Oreffo R O C 2016 Biofabrication of bone tissue:approaches, challenges and translation for bone regeneration Biomaterials 83 363-82

Rahmati M, Silva E A, Reseland J E, Heyward C A and Haugen H J 2020 Biological responses to physicochemical properties of biomaterial surface Chem. Soc. Rev. 49 5178-224

Wang J W, Li Z Q, Chen H Y, Deng G W and Niu X B 2019 Recent advances in 2D lateral heterostructures Nano-Micro Lett. 11 48

Wang Z, Lu Y L, Xu Z H, Hu J L, Chen Y J, Zhang G L, Wang Y S and Guo F 2021 An embedding 2D/3D heterostructure enables high-performance FA-alloyed flexible perovskite solar cells with efficiency over 20% Adv. Sci. 8 2101856

Li W P et al 2021 Design of ultrastrong but ductile medium-entropy alloy with controlled precipitations and heterogeneous grain structures Appl. Mater. Today 23 101037

Zhang X Y 2020 Heterostructures:new opportunities for functional materials Mater. Res. Lett. 8 49-59

Sing S L, Huang S, Goh G D, Goh G L, Tey C F, Tan J H K and Yeong W Y 2021 Emerging metallic systems for additive manufacturing:in-situ alloying and multi-metal processing in laser powder bed fusion Prog. Mater. Sci. 119 100795

Ngo T D, Kashani A, Imbalzano G, Nguyen K T Q and Hui D 2018 Additive manufacturing (3D printing):a review of materials, methods, applications and challenges Composites B 143 172-96

Melchels F P W, Domingos M A N, Klein T J, Malda J, Bartolo P J and Hutmacher D W 2012 Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs Prog. Polym. Sci. 37 1079-104

Iijima Y, Nagase T, Matsugaki A, Wang P, Ameyama K and Nakano T 2021 Design and development of Ti-Zr-Hf-Nb-Ta-Mo high-entropy alloys for metallic biomaterials Mater. Des. 202 109548

Tan X P, Tan Y J, Chow C S L, Tor S B, Yeong W Y, Tan X P, Tan Y J, Chow C S L, Tor S B and Yeong W Y 2017 Metallic powder-bed based 3D printing of cellular scaffolds for orthopaedic implants:a state-of-the-art review on manufacturing, topological design, mechanical properties and biocompatibility Mater. Sci. Eng. C 76 1328-43

Li X W, Tan Y H, Willy H J, Wang P, Lu W H, Cagirici M, Ong C Y A, Herng T S, Wei J and Ding J 2019 Heterogeneously tempered martensitic high strength steel by selective laser melting and its micro-lattice:processing, microstructure, superior performance and mechanisms Mater. Des. 178 107881

Tan C L, Liu Y C, Weng F, Ng F L, Su J L, Xu Z K, Ngai X D and Chew Y 2022 Additive manufacturing of voxelized heterostructured materials with hierarchical phases Addit. Manuf. 54 102775

Salmi M 2021 Additive manufacturing processes in medical applications Materials 14 191

Fu W, Dang P F, Guo S W, Ren Z J, Fang D Q, Ding X D and Sun J 2023 Heterogeneous fiberous structured Mg-Zn-Zr alloy with superior strength-ductility synergy J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 134 67-80

Ren J et al 2022 Strong yet ductile nanolamellar high-entropy alloys by additive manufacturing Nature 608 62-68

Lu X J, Wang Y, Zhang X Y, Xu G Q, Wang D M, Lv J, Zheng Z X and Wu Y C 2018 NiS and MoS₂ nanosheet co-modified graphitic C₃N₄ ternary heterostructure for high efficient visible light photodegradation of antibiotic J. Hazard. Mater. 341 10-19

Solís-Fernández P, Bissett M and Ago H 2017 Synthesis, structure and applications of graphene-based 2D heterostructures Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 4572-613

Sun H, Saba F, Fan G L, Tan Z Q and Li Z Q 2022 Micro/nano-reinforcements in bimodal-grained matrix:a heterostructure strategy for toughening particulate reinforced metal matrix composites Scr. Mater. 217 114774

Vu T V, Hieu N V, Phuc H V, Hieu N N, Bui H D, Idrees M, Amin B and Nguyen C V 2020 Graphene/WSeTe van der Waals heterostructure:controllable electronic properties and Schottky barrier via interlayer coupling and electric field Appl. Surf. Sci. 507 145036

Geng Y S, Tan H, Wang L, Tieu A K, Chen J, Cheng J and Yang J 2021 Nano-coupled heterostructure induced excellent mechanical and tribological properties in AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy Tribol. Int. 154 106662

Lee C, Lee C, Shin K, Song T, Jeong H Y, Jeon D Y and Lee H M 2019 Ag₂S-CoS hetero-nanowires terminated with stepped surfaces for improved oxygen evolution reaction Catal. Commun. 129 105749

Mandal R K and Pradhan S K 2021 Superior photocatalytic performance of mechanosynthesized Bi₂O₃-Bi₂WO₆ nanocomposite in wastewater treatment Solid State Sci. 115 106587

Allizond V, Comini S, Cuffini A M and Banche G 2022 Current knowledge on biomaterials for orthopedic applications modified to reduce bacterial adhesive ability Antibiotics 11 529

Ponticelli G S, Di Salvo L, Giuliani M, Panciroli R and Guarino S 2022 Induced back stress hardening and strengthening effect by repetitive progressive tensile loading of laser-powder bed fused 316L stainless steel Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 121 5125-38

Zhu Y T 2021 Introduction to heterostructured materials:a fast emerging field Metall. Mater. Trans. A 52 4715-26

Suryanarayana C 2022 Mechanical alloying:a critical review Mater. Res. Lett. 10 619-47

Li M, Wu R B, An D Y and Chen J 2022 Achieving gradient ultrafine-grained heterostructure by friction stir-assisted incremental sheet forming J. Mater. Process. Technol. 307 117654

Wu X L, Yang M X, Yuan F P, Wu G L, Wei Y J, Huang X X and Zhu Y T 2015 Heterogeneous lamella structure unites ultrafine-grain strength with coarse-grain ductility Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112 14501-5

Chen X, Zhang B X, Zou Q, Huang G S, Liu S S, Zhang J L, Tang A T, Jiang B and Pan F S 2022 Design of pure aluminum laminates with heterostructures for extraordinary strength-ductility synergy J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 100 193-205

Vajpai S K, Ota M, Zhang Z and Ameyama K 2016 Three-dimensionally gradient harmonic structure design:an integrated approach for high performance structural materials Mater. Res. Lett. 4 191-7

Yuan Z Y, Cao Z X, Ma C S, Wu R, Wu H T, Xu Q J, Zheng J and Wu J R 2022 Ultra-robust, repairable and smart physical hydrogels enabled by nano-domain reconfiguration of network topology Chem. Eng. J. 450 138085

Cho S, Kim J, Lee S B, Choi M, Kim D H, Jo I, Kwon H and Kim Y 2020 Fabrication of functionally graded hydroxyapatite and structurally graded porous hydroxyapatite by using multi-walled carbon nanotubes Composites A 139 106138

Romero-Resendiz L et al 2022 Heterostructured stainless steel:properties, current trends, and future perspectives Mater. Sci. Eng. R 150 100691

Estrin Y, Beygelzimer Y, Kulagin R, Gumbsch P, Fratzl P, Zhu Y T and Hahn H 2021 Architecturing materials at mesoscale:some current trends Mater. Res. Lett. 9 399-421

Zhu Y T and Wu X L 2023 Heterostructured materials Prog. Mater. Sci. 131 101019

Xie Q G, Sidor J J, Lian J H, Yin S and Wang Y D 2022 Self-equilibrated backstresses induce compensation between hardening and softening:micromechanical and microstructural features Mater. Sci. Eng. A 843 143145

Zhu Y M and Shen S J 2021 Study on evaluation of space vitality in Torpoint by using analytic hierarchy process J. Build. Technol. 3 1-12

Nagata M, Horikawa N, Kawabata M and Ameyama K 2019 Effects of microstructure on mechanical properties of harmonic structure designed pure Ni Mater. Trans. 60 1914-20

Jiang D, Wang W Z, Sun S M, Zhang L and Zheng Y L 2015 Equilibrating the plasmonic and catalytic roles of metallic nanostructures in photocatalytic oxidation over Au-modified CeO₂ ACS Catal. 5 613-21

Zhou N, Polavarapu L, Wang Q and Xu Q H 2015 Mesoporous SnO₂-coated metal nanoparticles with enhanced catalytic efficiency ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 4844-50

Sun Y H, Yang X Z, Zhao H F and Wang R M 2017 Non-symmetric hybrids of noble metal-semiconductor:interplay of nanoparticles and nanostructures in formation dynamics and plasmonic applications Prog. Nat. Sci.:Mater. Int. 27 157-68

Lin Z J, Wang X H, Liu J, Tian Z Y, Dai L C, He B B, Han C, Wu Y G, Zeng Z G and Hu Z Y 2015 On the role of localized surface plasmon resonance in UV-Vis light irradiated Au/TiO₂ photocatalysis systems:pros and cons Nanoscale 7 4114-23

Mirovoy Y A, Burlachenko A G and Buyakova S P 2019 Obtaining of heteromodulus ZrC-based composite materials, their structure and properties AIP Conf. Proc. 2167 020227

Shalumon K T, Lai G J, Chen C H and Chen J P 2015 Modulation of bone-specific tissue regeneration by incorporating bone morphogenetic protein and controlling the shell thickness of silk fibroin/chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite core-shell nanofibrous membranes ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 21170-81

Ortiz Perez A, Gao H T, Lyu X, Wöllenstein J, Kallfaß V, Fonollosa J and Palzer S 2018 Inkjet-printed, functional heterolayers of ZnO@CuO for stoma pouch monitoring Appl. Nanosci. 8 1907-14

Yu J R, Yang X X, Gao G Y, Xiong Y, Wang Y F, Han J, Chen Y H, Zhang H, Sun Q J and Wang Z L 2021 Bioinspired mechano-photonic artificial synapse based on graphene/MoS2 heterostructure Sci. Adv. 7 eabd9117

Patra S, Agrawal A, Mandal A and Podder A S 2021 Characteristics and manufacturability of duplex stainless steel:a review Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 74 1089-98

Mohammed G R, Ishak M, Aqida S N and Abdulhadi H A 2017 Effects of heat input on microstructure, corrosion and mechanical characteristics of welded austenitic and duplex stainless steels:a review Metals 7 39

Omura T and Nakamura J 2012 Hydrogen embrittlement properties of stainless and low alloy steels in high pressure gaseous hydrogen environment ISIJ Int. 52 234-9

Liu S S, Xia D B, Yang H, Huang G S, Yang F X, Chen X H, Tang A T, Jiang B and Pan F S 2022 Mechanical properties and deformation mechanism in Mg-Gd alloy laminate with dual-heterostructure grain size and texture Int. J. Plast. 157 103371

Li J S, Mao Q Z, Nie J F, Huang Z W, Wang S Z and Li Y S 2019 Impact property of high-strength 316L stainless steel with heterostructures Mater. Sci. Eng. A 754 457-60

Meng L, Zhang Y Y, Zang M C, Zhang M R, Wang C, Wang Y, Zhao X L and Zhang D L 2022 Strength enhancement of a bi-lamellar PM Ti-6Al-4V alloy without sacrificing ductility by Al partitioning and twinning-induced plasticity effect Mater. Sci. Eng. A 832 142368

Wei Y J et al 2014 Evading the strength-ductility trade-off dilemma in steel through gradient hierarchical nanotwins Nat. Commun. 5 3580

Li J S, Cao Y, Gao B, Li Y S and Zhu Y T 2018 Superior strength and ductility of 316L stainless steel with heterogeneous lamella structure J. Mater. Sci. 53 10442-56

Wang Z X, Liang F, Zhang G P and Zhang B 2023 Enhancing high-temperature tensile properties of Ni/Ni-W laminated composites for MEMS devices J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 138 129-37

Prakasam M, Locs J, Salma-Ancane K, Loca D, Largeteau A and Berzina-Cimdina L 2015 Fabrication, properties and applications of dense hydroxyapatite:a review J. Funct. Biomater. 6 1099-140

Rossi A L, Barreto I C, Maciel W Q, Rosa F P, Rocha-Leão M H, Werckmann J, Rossi A M, Borojevic R and Farina M 2012 Ultrastructure of regenerated bone mineral surrounding hydroxyapatite-alginate composite and sintered hydroxyapatite Bone 50 301-10

Zhou C C, Deng C Y, Chen X N, Zhao X F, Chen Y, Fan Y J and Zhang X D 2015 Mechanical and biological properties of the micro-/nano-grain functionally graded hydroxyapatite bioceramics for bone tissue engineering J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 48 1-11

Zhang Y, Shen L Y, Wang Y H, Du Z H, Zhang B Z, Ciucci F and Zhao H L 2022 Enhanced oxygen reduction kinetics of IT-SOFC cathode with PrBaCo₂O_5+δ/Gd_0.1Ce_1.9O_2-δ coherent interface J. Mater. Chem. A 10 3495-505

Zheng H Y, Li Y J, Liu H B, Yin X D and Li Y L 2011 Construction of heterostructure materials toward functionality Chem. Soc. Rev. 40 4506-24

Hu L Y, Dai C L, Liu H, Li Y, Shen B L, Chen Y M, Bao S J and Xu M W 2018 Double-shelled NiO-NiCo₂O₄ Heterostructure@Carbon hollow nanocages as an efficient sulfur host for advanced lithium-sulfur batteries Adv. Energy Mater. 8 1800709

Xu T, Yang H Y, Yang D Z and Yu Z Z 2017 Polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold decorated with chitosan Islandlike topography for bone tissue engineering ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 21094-104

Jing J, Liang S F, Yan Y F, Tian X and Li X M 2019 Fabrication of hybrid hydrogels from silk fibroin and tannic acid with enhanced gelation and antibacterial activities ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 5 4601-11

Ge G, Lu Y, Qu X Y, Zhao W, Ren Y F, Wang W J, Wang Q, Huang W and Dong X C 2020 Muscle-inspired self-healing hydrogels for strain and temperature sensor ACS Nano 14 218-28

Song C W, Peng C X, Bian Z H, Dong F, Xu H Y, Yang J H and Zheng S Y 2019 Stable and fast lithium-sulfur battery achieved by rational design of multifunctional separator Energy Environ. Mater. 2 216-24

Wu B Y, Mai Z, Ji Z C, Du B Y and Huang S Y 2022 Self-compounded, tough biohydrogels for robust self-adhesive biointerfaces Mater. Today Phys. 29 100905

Zhang Y S and Khademhosseini A 2017 Advances in engineering hydrogels Science 356 eaaf362

Breger J C, Yoon C, Xiao R, Kwag H R, Wang M O, Fisher J P, Nguyen T D and Gracias D H 2015 Self-folding thermo-magnetically responsive soft microgrippers ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 3398-405

Zhang L D, Liang H R, Jacob J and Naumov P 2015 Photogated humidity-driven motility Nat. Commun. 6 7429

Ge X Y, Wong R, Anisa A and Ma S Q 2022 Recent development of metal-organic framework nanocomposites for biomedical applications Biomaterials 281 121322

Chai J W et al 2020 MoS₂/Polymer heterostructures enabling stable resistive switching and multistate randomness Adv. Mater. 32 2002704

Hao S W, Fu Q J, Meng L, Xu F and Yang J 2022 A biomimetic laminated strategy enabled strain-interference free and durable flexible thermistor electronics Nat. Commun. 13 6472

Zhang X, Zhang Z H and Zhou Z 2018 MXene-based materials for electrochemical energy storage J. Energy Chem. 27 73-85

Qian G W, Zhang L M, Shuai Y, Wu X T, Zeng Z K, Peng S P and Shuai C J 2023 3D-printed CuFe₂O₄-MXene/PLLA antibacterial tracheal scaffold against implantation-associated infection Appl. Surf. Sci. 614 156108

Slassi A, Cornil D and Cornil J 2020 Theoretical characterization of the electronic properties of heterogeneous vertical stacks of 2D metal dichalcogenides containing one doped layer Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22 14088-98

Dong M Q, Zhou W W, Kamata K and Nomura N 2020 Microstructure and mechanical property of graphene oxide/AlSi10Mg composites fabricated by laser additive manufacturing Mater. Charact. 170 110678

Li Z K, Fang X T, Wang Y F, Jiang P, Wang J J, Liu C M, Wu X L, Zhu Y T and Koch C C 2020 Tuning heterostructures with powder metallurgy for high synergistic strengthening and hetero-deformation induced hardening Mater. Sci. Eng. A 777 139074

Wang Y M, Chen M W, Zhou F H and Ma E 2002 High tensile ductility in a nanostructured metal Nature 419 912-5

Zhu Y T and Wu X L 2019 Perspective on hetero-deformation induced (HDI) hardening and back stress Mater. Res. Lett. 7 393-8

Zhu Y T et al 2021 Heterostructured materials:superior properties from hetero-zone interaction Mater. Res. Lett. 9 1-31

Das A 2016 Revisiting stacking fault energy of steels Metall. Mater. Trans. A 47 748-68

Shamsolhodaei A, Oliveira J P, Schell N, Maawad E, Panton B and Zhou Y N 2020 Controlling intermetallic compounds formation during laser welding of NiTi to 316L stainless steel Intermetallics 116 106656

Sarraf M, Rezvani Ghomi E, Alipour S, Ramakrishna S and Liana Sukiman N 2022 A state-of-the-art review of the fabrication and characteristics of titanium and its alloys for biomedical applications Bio-Des. Manuf. 5 371-95

Mohan D, Teong Z K, Bakir A N, Sajab M S and Kaco H 2020 Extending cellulose-based polymers application in additive manufacturing technology:a review of recent approaches Polymers 12 1876

Manam N S, Harun W S W, Shri D N A, Ghani S A C, Kurniawan T, Ismail M H and Ibrahim M H I 2017 Study of corrosion in biocompatible metals for implants:a review J. Alloys Compd. 701 698-715

Manivasagam G, Dhinasekaran D and Rajamanickam A 2010 Biomedical implants:corrosion and its prevention-a review Recent Pat. Corros. Sci. 2 40-54

Li M H, Yin T Y, Wang Y Z, Du F F, Zou X Z, Gregersen H and Wang G X 2014 Study of biocompatibility of medical grade high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel in vitro Mater. Sci. Eng. C 43 641-8

Harun W S W, Asri R I M, Romlay F R M, Sharif S, Jan N H M and Tsumori F 2018 Surface characterisation and corrosion behaviour of oxide layer for SLMed-316L stainless steel J. Alloys Compd. 748 1044-52

Zadpoor A A 2018 Current trends in metallic orthopedic biomaterials:from additive manufacturing to bio-functionalization, infection prevention, and beyond Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19 2684

Lv Y P, Duan S B and Wang R M 2020 Structure design, controllable synthesis, and application of metal-semiconductor heterostructure nanoparticles Prog. Nat. Sci.:Mater. Int. 30 1-12

Zhou H J, Li J H, Bao S H, Li J, Liu X Y and Jin P 2016 Use of ZnO as antireflective, protective, antibacterial, and biocompatible multifunction nanolayer of thermochromic VO₂ nanofilm for intelligent windows Appl. Surf. Sci. 363 532-42

Wang Y and Zhang D 2012 Hetero-nanostructured film of titania nanosheets and lysozyme:fabrication and synergistic antibacterial properties Surf. Coat. Technol. 210 71-77

Arciola C R, Campoccia D and Montanaro L 2018 Implant infections:adhesion, biofilm formation and immune evasion Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 16 397-409

Qi F, Wang Z, Yang L, Li H, Chen G, Peng S, Yang S and Shuai C 2023 A collaborative CeO₂@metal-organic framework nanosystem to endow scaffolds with photodynamic antibacterial effect Mater. Today Chem. 27 101336

Jiao J Y, Zhang S T, Qu X H and Yue B 2021 Recent advances in research on antibacterial metals and alloys as implant materials Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 11 693939

Feng P, Zhao R Y, Tang W M, Yang F, Tian H F, Pang S P, Pan H and Shuai C J 2023 Structural and functional adaptive artificial bone:materials, fabrications, and properties Adv. Funct. Mater. 33 2214726

Venezuela J and Dargusch M S 2019 The influence of alloying and fabrication techniques on the mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility of zinc:a comprehensive review Acta Biomater. 87 1-40

Wen P, Jauer L, Voshage M, Chen Y Z, Poprawe R and Schleifenbaum J H 2018 Densification behavior of pure Zn metal parts produced by selective laser melting for manufacturing biodegradable implants J. Mater. Process. Technol. 258 128-37

Su Y C, Cockerill I, Wang Y D, Qin Y X, Chang L Q, Zheng Y F and Zhu D H 2019 Zinc-based biomaterials for regeneration and therapy Trends Biotechnol. 37 428-41

Qin M, Chen C Y, Song B, Shen M C, Cao W C, Yang H L, Zeng G M and Gong J L 2021 A review of biodegradable plastics to biodegradable microplastics:another ecological threat to soil environments? J. Clean. Prod. 312 127816

Kabir H, Munir K, Wen C E and Li Y C 2021 Recent research and progress of biodegradable zinc alloys and composites for biomedical applications:biomechanical and biocorrosion perspectives Bioact. Mater. 6 836-79

Yang H T, Jia B, Zhang Z C, Qu X H, Li G N, Lin W J, Zhu D H, Dai K R and Zheng Y F 2020 Alloying design of biodegradable zinc as promising bone implants for load-bearing applications Nat. Commun. 11 401

Muthuraj R, Misra M and Mohanty A K 2018 Biodegradable compatibilized polymer blends for packaging applications:a literature review J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 135 45726

Sun X H, Yu X, Li W, Chen M F and Liu D B 2022 Mechanical properties, degradation behavior and cytocompatibility of biodegradable 3vol%X (X=MgO, ZnO and CuO)/Zn matrix composites with excellent dispersion property fabricated by graphene oxide-assisted hetero-aggregation Biomater. Adv. 134 112722

Li C M, Guo C C, Fitzpatrick V, Ibrahim A, Zwierstra M J, Hanna P, Lechtig A, Nazarian A, Lin S J and Kaplan D L 2020 Design of biodegradable, implantable devices towards clinical translation Nat. Rev. Mater. 5 61-81

Yang S M et al 2022 Hetero-integration of silicon nanomembranes with 2D materials for bioresorbable, wireless neurochemical system Adv. Mater. 34 2108203

Shuai C J, Zhong S W, Shuai Y, Yang W J, Peng S P and He C X 2023 Accelerated anode and cathode reaction due to direct electron uptake and consumption by manganese dioxide and titanium dioxide composite cathode in degradation of iron composite J. Colloid Interface Sci. 632 95-107

Clark A E, Wun-Fogle M, Restorff J B and Lograsso T A 2002 Magnetostrictive properties of galfenol alloys under compressive stress Mater. Trans. 43 881-6

Zhang Y Q, Yang T Z, Gou J M and Ma T Y 2022 Origin of heterogeneous magnetostriction:a case study of nanoprecipitates-bearing Fe-Mo alloys J. Alloys Compd. 895 162558

He Y K, Ke X Q, Jiang C B, Miao N H, Wang H, Coey J M D, Wang Y Z and Xu H B 2018 Interaction of trace rare-earth dopants and nanoheterogeneities induces giant magnetostriction in Fe-Ga alloys Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 1800858

Zhang S et al 2016 Autonomous filling of grain-boundary cavities during creep loading in Fe-Mo alloys Metall. Mater. Trans. A 47 4831-44

Huang M, Mandru A O, Petculescu G, Clark A E, Wun-Fogle M and Lograsso T A 2010 Magnetostrictive and elastic properties of Fe_100-xMo_x(2

Chen Y J, Fu Z H, Wu Y Y, Xu Y C, Xiao Y, Wang J M, Zhang R F and Jiang C B 2021 Giant heterogeneous magnetostriction induced by charge accumulation-mediated nanoinclusion formation in dual-phase nanostructured systems Acta Mater. 213 116975

Jeong S G, Karthik G M, Kim E S, Zargaran A, Ahn S Y, Sagong M J, Kang S H, Cho J W and Kim H S 2022 Architectured heterogeneous alloys with selective laser melting Scr. Mater. 208 114332

Wei Q L, An Q Y, Chen D D, Mai L, Chen S Y, Zhao Y L, Hercule K M, Xu L, Minhas-Khan A and Zhang Q J 2014 One-pot synthesized bicontinuous hierarchical Li3V2(PO4)3/C mesoporous nanowires for high-rate and ultralong-life lithium-ion batteries Nano Lett. 14 1042-8

Li J et al 2020 General synthesis of two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructure arrays Nature 579 368-74

Bertlein S, Hikimoto D, Hochleitner G, Hümmer J, Jungst T, Matsusaki M, Akashi M and Groll J 2018 Development of endothelial cell networks in 3D tissues by combination of melt electrospinning writing with cell-accumulation technology Small 14 1701521

Gleadall A, Visscher D, Yang J, Thomas D and Segal J 2018 Review of additive manufactured tissue engineering scaffolds:relationship between geometry and performance Burns Trauma 6 19

Hemmasian Ettefagh A, Guo S M and Raush J 2021 Corrosion performance of additively manufactured stainless steel parts:a review Addit. Manuf. 37 101689

Huang Z Y, Shao G B and Li L Q 2023 Micro/nano functional devices fabricated by additive manufacturing Prog. Mater. Sci. 131 101020

Zhang Y S et al 2016 Bioprinting 3D microfibrous scaffolds for engineering endothelialized myocardium and heart-on-a-chip Biomaterials 110 45-59

Valentine A D, Busbee T A, Boley J W, Raney J R, Chortos A, Kotikian A, Berrigan J D, Durstock M F and Lewis J A 2017 Hybrid 3D printing of soft electronics Adv. Mater. 29 1703817

Sun K, Wei T S, Ahn B Y, Seo J Y, Dillon S J and Lewis J A 2013 3D printing of interdigitated Li-ion microbattery architectures Adv. Mater. 25 4539-43

Kadic M, Bückmann T, Stenger N, Thiel M and Wegener M 2012 On the practicability of pentamode mechanical metamaterials Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 191901

Bae J, Lee S, Ahn J, Kim J H, Wajahat M, Chang W S, Yoon S Y, Kim J T, Seol S K and Pyo J 2020 3D-printed quantum dot nanopixels ACS Nano 14 10993-1001

Shao G B, Ware H O T, Huang J G, Hai R H, Li L Q and Sun C 2021 3D printed magnetically-actuating micro-gripper operates in air and water Addit. Manuf. 38 101834

Huang Y, Leu M C, Mazumder J and Donmez A 2015 Additive manufacturing:current state, future potential, gaps and needs, and recommendations J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 137 014001

Guo Y U, Su H J, Zhou H T, Shen Z L, Liu Y, Zhang J, Liu L and Fu H Z 2022 Unique strength-ductility balance of AlCoCrFeNi_2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy with ultra-fine duplex microstructure prepared by selective laser melting J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 111 298-306

Rafiee M, Farahani R D and Therriault D 2020 Multi-material 3D and 4D printing:a survey Adv. Sci. 7 1902307

Liu G et al 2021 Additive manufacturing of structural materials Mater. Sci. Eng. R 145 100596

Azlin M N M, Ilyas R A, Zuhri M Y M, Sapuan S M, Harussani M M, Sharma S, Nordin A, Nurazzi N and Afiqah A 2022 3D printing and shaping polymers, composites, and nanocomposites:a review Polymers 14 180

Gao C D, Yao X, Deng Y W, Pan H and Shuai C J 2023 Laser-beam powder bed fusion followed by annealing with stress:a promising route for magnetostrictive improvement of polycrystalline Fe₈₁Ga₁₉ alloys Addit. Manuf. 68 103516

Martin J H, Yahata B D, Hundley J M, Mayer J A, Schaedler T A and Pollock T M 2017 3D printing of high-strength aluminium alloys Nature 549 365-9

Gu D D, Meiners W, Wissenbach K and Poprawe R 2012 Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components:materials, processes and mechanisms Int. Mater. Rev. 57 133-64

Pham M S, Liu C, Todd I and Lertthanasarn J 2019 Damage-tolerant architected materials inspired by crystal microstructure Nature 565 305-11

Cao X F, Duan S Y, Liang J, Wen W B and Fang D N 2018 Mechanical properties of an improved 3D-printed rhombic dodecahedron stainless steel lattice structure of variable cross section Int. J. Mech. Sci. 145 53-63

Tancogne-Dejean T, Spierings A B and Mohr D 2016 Additively-manufactured metallic micro-lattice materials for high specific energy absorption under static and dynamic loading Acta Mater. 116 14-28

Pham M S, Dovgyy B and Hooper P A 2017 Twinning induced plasticity in austenitic stainless steel 316L made by additive manufacturing Mater. Sci. Eng. A 704 102-11

Fayazfar H, Salarian M, Rogalsky A, Sarker D, Russo P, Paserin V and Toyserkani E 2018 A critical review of powder-based additive manufacturing of ferrous alloys:process parameters, microstructure and mechanical properties Mater. Des. 144 98-128

Wang P, Li X W, Jiang Y, Nai M L S, Ding J and Wei J 2020 Electron beam melted heterogeneously porous microlattices for metallic bone applications:design and investigations of boundary and edge effects Addit. Manuf. 36 101566

Gokuldoss P K, Kolla S and Eckert J 2017 Additive manufacturing processes:selective laser melting, electron beam melting and binder jetting-selection guidelines Materials 10 672

Yuan L, Ding S L and Wen C E 2019 Additive manufacturing technology for porous metal implant applications and triple minimal surface structures:a review Bioact. Mater. 4 56-70

Karthik G M and Kim H S 2021 Heterogeneous aspects of additive manufactured metallic parts:a review Met. Mater. Int. 27 1-39

Zadpoor A A 2019 Mechanical performance of additively manufactured meta-biomaterials Acta Biomater. 85 41-59

Zhang X Z, Leary M, Tang H P, Song T and Qian M 2018 Selective electron beam manufactured Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures for orthopedic implant applications:current status and outstanding challenges Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 22 75-99

Wang P, Li X W, Luo S M, Nai M L S, Ding J and Wei J 2021 Additively manufactured heterogeneously porous metallic bone with biostructural functions and bone-like mechanical properties J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 62 173-9

Jariwala D, Marks T J and Hersam M C 2017 Mixed-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures Nat. Mater. 16 170-81

Rhodes D, Chae S H, Ribeiro-Palau R and Hone J 2019 Disorder in van der Waals heterostructures of 2D materials Nat. Mater. 18 541-9

Liu K, Wang N, Wang W S, Shi L X, Li H, Guo F Y, Zhang L H, Kong L, Wang S T and Zhao Y 2017 A bio-inspired high strength three-layer nanofiber vascular graft with structure guided cell growth J. Mater. Chem. B 5 3758-64

Abbasi N, Abdal-Hay A, Hamlet S, Graham E and Ivanovski S 2019 Effects of gradient and offset architectures on the mechanical and biological properties of 3D melt electrowritten (MEW) scaffolds ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 5 3448-61

Eap S, Ferrand A, Mendoza Palomares C, Hébraud A, Stoltz J F, Mainard D, Schlatter G and Benkirane-Jessel N 2012 Electrospun nanofibrous 3D scaffold for bone tissue engineering Bio-Med. Mater. Eng. 22 137-41

Nazemi M M, Khodabandeh A and Hadjizadeh A 2022 Near-field electrospinning:crucial parameters, challenges, and applications ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 5 394-412

Jungst T, Pennings I, Schmitz M, Rosenberg A J W P, Groll J and Gawlitta D 2019 Heterotypic scaffold design orchestrates primary cell organization and phenotypes in cocultured small diameter vascular grafts Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 1905987

Hrynevich A, Elçi B S¸, Haigh J N, Mcmaster R, Youssef A, Blum C, Blunk T, Hochleitner G, Groll J and Dalton P D 2018 Dimension-based design of melt electrowritten scaffolds Small 14 1800232

Yin Z P, Wang X M, Sun F Z, Tong X H, Zhu C, Lv Q Y, Ye D, Wang S, Luo W and Huang Y N 2017 Aligned hierarchical Ag/ZnO nano-heterostructure arrays via electrohydrodynamic nanowire template for enhanced gas-sensing properties Sci. Rep. 7 12206

Pagac M, Hajnys J, Ma Q P, Jancar L, Jansa J, Stefek P and Mesicek J 2021 A review of vat photopolymerization technology:materials, applications, challenges, and future trends of 3D printing Polymers 13 598

Zhao W Y, Wang Z Y, Zhang J P, Wang X P, Xu Y T, Ding N and Peng Z C 2021 Vat photopolymerization 3D printing of advanced soft sensors and actuators:from architecture to function Adv. Mater. Technol. 6 2001218

Ghosh S, Das S, Paul S, Thomas P, Roy B, Mitra P, Roy S and Banerjee A 2017 In situ self-assembly and photopolymerization for hetero-phase synthesis and patterning of conducting materials using soft oxometalates in thermo-optical tweezers J. Mater. Chem. C 5 6718-28

Oesterreicher A, Wiener J, Roth M, Moser A, Gmeiner R, Edler M, Pinter G and Griesser T 2016 Tough and degradable photopolymers derived from alkyne monomers for 3D printing of biomedical materials Polym. Chem. 7 5169-80

Yin Y H, Liu Z D, Song M Y, Ju S, Wang X J, Zhou Z, Mao H W, Ding Y M, Liu J Q and Huang W 2018 Direct photopolymerization and lithography of multilayer conjugated polymer nanofilms for high performance memristors J. Mater. Chem. C 6 11162-9

Bagheri A and Jin J Y 2019 Photopolymerization in 3D printing ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 1 593-611

Wu D J, Yu X X, Zhao Z Y, Ma G Y, Zhou C, Zhang B, Ren G H, Han J, Wang H and Niu F Y 2023 Direct additive manufacturing of TiCp reinforced Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ eutectic functionally graded ceramics by laser directed energy deposition J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 43 2718-23

Zan J, Shuai Y, Zhang J, Zhao J C, Sun B X and Yang L Y M 2023 Hyaluronic acid encapsulated silver metal organic framework for the construction of a slow-controlled bifunctional nanostructure:antibacterial and anti-inflammatory in intrauterine adhesion repair Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 230 123361

Firdosy S et al 2021 Compositionally graded joints between magnetically dissimilar alloys achieved through directed energy deposition Scr. Mater. 202 114005

Gushchina M O, Kuzminova Y O, Dubinin O N, Evlashin S A, Vildanov A M, Klimova-Korsmik O G and Turichin G A 2023 Multilayer composite Ti-6Al-4 V/Cp-Ti alloy produced by laser direct energy deposition Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 124 907-18

Ding C, Lu S C, Liu L B, Ngo K D T and Lu G Q 2021 Additive manufacturing of hetero-magnetic coupled inductors IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol. 11 1028-34

Liu G, He Y H, Liu P C, Chen Z, Chen X L, Wan L, Li Y and Lu J 2020 Development of bioimplants with 2D, 3D, and 4D additive manufacturing materials Engineering 6 1232-43

Daly A C, Prendergast M E, Hughes A J and Burdick J A 2021 Bioprinting for the biologist Cell 184 18-32

Xing S H and Janiak C 2020 Design and properties of multiple-emitter luminescent metal-organic frameworks Chem. Commun. 56 12290-306

Ong C S, Yesantharao P, Huang C Y, Mattson G, Boktor J, Fukunishi T, Zhang H T and Hibino N 2018 3D bioprinting using stem cells Pediatr. Res. 83 223-31

Gao Q et al 2017 3D bioprinting of vessel-like structures with multilevel fluidic channels ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 3 399-408

Klein F, Richter B, Striebel T, Franz C M, von Freymann G, Wegener M and Bastmeyer M 2011 Two-component polymer scaffolds for controlled three-dimensional cell culture Adv. Mater. 23 1341-5

Petrochenko P E et al 2015 Laser 3D printing with sub-microscale resolution of porous elastomeric scaffolds for supporting human bone stem cells Adv. Healthcare Mater. 4 739-47

van Lith R, Baker E, Ware H, Yang J, Farsheed A C, Sun C and Ameer G 2016 3D-printing strong high-resolution antioxidant bioresorbable vascular stents Adv. Mater. Technol. 1 1600138

Lin C, Lv J X, Li Y S, Zhang F H, Li J R, Liu Y J, Liu L W and Leng J S 2019 4D-printed biodegradable and remotely controllable shape memory occlusion devices Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 1906569

Qian G W, Wang J Z, Yang L Y M, Zeng Z K, Zhao Z Y, Peng S P and Shuai C J 2023 A pH-responsive CaO₂@ZIF-67 system endows a scaffold with chemodynamic therapy properties J. Mater. Sci. 58 1214-28

Sing S L, Kuo C N, Shih C T, Ho C C, Chua C K, Sing S L, Kuo C N, Shih C T, Ho C C and Chua C K 2021 Perspectives of using machine learning in laser powder bed fusion for metal additive manufacturing Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 16 372-86

Bruˇ zauskaitė I, Bironaitė D, Bagdonas E and Bernotienė E 2016 Scaffolds and cells for tissue regeneration:different scaffold pore sizes-different cell effects Cytotechnology 68 355-69

Decante G, Costa J B, Silva-Correia J, Collins M N, Reis R L and Oliveira J M 2021 Engineering bioinks for 3D bioprinting Biofabrication 13 032001

Monteiro M V, Zhang Y S, Gaspar V M and Mano J F 2022 3D-bioprinted cancer-on-a-chip:level-up organotypic in vitro models Trends Biotechnol. 40 432-47

Liu F, Mao Z F, Zhang P, Zhang D Z, Jiang J J and Ma Z B 2018 Functionally graded porous scaffolds in multiple patterns:new design method, physical and mechanical properties Mater. Des. 160 849-60

Feng P, Shen S P, Shuai Y, Peng S P, Shuai C J and Chen S J 2023 PLLA grafting draws GO from PGA phase to the interface in PLLA/PGA bone scaffold owing enhanced interfacial interaction Sustain. Mater. Technol. 35 e00566

Su Y W, Li Z, Zhu H, He J K, Wei B Y and Li D C 2022 Electrohydrodynamic fabrication of triple-layered polycaprolactone dura mater substitute with antibacterial and enhanced osteogenic capability Chin. J. Mech. Eng. 1 100026

Kong Y F, Gao F, He R, Chen J, Xu X, Li N and Cui D X 2010 Bio-inspired synthesis of bovine serum albumin-conjugated Ag₂Se/Se core/shell heterostructure nanoparticles at room temperature Curr. Nanosci. 6 446-51

Wang H H, Lin Q Y, Yin L T, Yang Y L, Qiu Y, Lu C H and Yang H H 2019 Biomimetic design of hollow flower-like g-C3N4@PDA organic framework nanospheres for realizing an efficient photoreactivity Small 15 1900011

Mouser V H M, Levato R, Mensinga A, Dhert W J A, Gawlitta D and Malda J 2020 Bio-ink development for three-dimensional bioprinting of hetero-cellular cartilage constructs Connect. Tissue Res. 61 137-51

Wu F, Meng G L, He J, Wu Y, Wu F and Gu Z W 2014 Antibiotic-loaded chitosan hydrogel with superior dual functions:antibacterial efficacy and osteoblastic cell responses ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 10005-13

Dong R N, Ma P X and Guo B L 2020 Conductive biomaterials for muscle tissue engineering Biomaterials 229 119584

Domingues R M A, Gomes M E and Reis R L 2014 The potential of cellulose nanocrystals in tissue engineering strategies Biomacromolecules 15 2327-46

Kolesky D B, Truby R L, Gladman A S, Busbee T A, Homan K A and Lewis J A 2014 3D bioprinting of vascularized, heterogeneous cell-laden tissue constructs Adv. Mater. 26 3124-30

Tsang M K, Wong Y T and Hao J H 2018 Cutting-edge nanomaterials for advanced multimodal bioimaging applications Small Methods 2 1700265

Lu P P, Shen J X, Shang D S and Sun Y 2019 Artificial synaptic device based on a multiferroic heterostructure J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 52 465303

Zhang Y, Zhu X H and Zhang Y 2021 Exploring heterostructured upconversion nanoparticles:from rational engineering to diverse applications ACS Nano 15 3709-35

Loan P T K, Zhang W J, Lin C T, Wei K H, Li L J and Chen C H 2014 Graphene/MoS₂ heterostructures for ultrasensitive detection of DNA hybridisation Adv. Mater. 26 4838-44

Hossain R F, Deaguero I G, Boland T and Kaul A B 2017 Biocompatible, large-format, inkjet printed heterostructure MoS₂-graphene photodetectors on conformable substrates npj 2D Mater. Appl. 1 28

Kong B, Tang J, Wu Z X, Selomulya C, Wang H T, Wei J, Wang Y C, Zheng G F and Zhao D Y 2014 Bio-inspired porous antenna-like nanocube/nanowire heterostructure as ultra-sensitive cellular interfaces NPG Asia Mater. 6 117

Additive manufacturing of promising heterostructure for biomedical applications

doi: 10.1088/2631-7990/acded2

Abstract

Keywords

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Article Metrics