Tribovoltaic nanogenerators for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing

Tribovoltaic nanogenerators (TVNG), characterized by distinct direct current (DC) output and high energy utilization efficiency, have emerged as a novel micro/nano energy harvesting technology relying on semiconductor triboelectrification. In recent years, research on TVNGs has gradually evolved from fundamental theoretical studies toward practical application explorations. However, comprehensive reviews focusing on the application aspects of TVNGs remain relatively limited. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the cutting-edge theories and applications of TVNGs. First, the fundamental working mechanisms and classifications of TVNGs are elucidated. Subsequently, interface design strategies for optimizing electrical performance and improving durability are systematically summarized. Additionally, representative applications of TVNGs in environmental micro/nano energy harvesting and self-powered sensing since their inception are highlighted. Finally, the key challenges currently faced by TVNGs and potential future research directions are discussed. This review provides a comprehensive framework of knowledge for TVNG research and applications, laying a foundation for promoting their practical implementation.